Mura mai lamba 101: Duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da yin rigakafin

Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya

Mura da vs. maganin alurar hanci | Wanene yake buƙatar shi | Yaushe za a kamu da mura | Inda za a sami maganin mura | Kudin | Aminci na rigakafi | Inganci

Lokacin hunturu na zuwa, haka kuma lokacin tsananin mura. Abin farin ciki, akwai maganin alurar riga kafi don hakan-wanda zai iya taimaka maka, iyalanka, da kuma masu rauni ko kuma masu haɗarin haɗari a cikin alumma ku guje wa kwayar cutar ta mura da kuma manyan matsalolin da za su iya biyo baya. Kuma wannan shekara ta fi muhimmanci fiye da kowane lokaci.

Wataƙila ka kamu da cutar mura a kowace shekara. Ko kuma watakila wannan shine karon farko da kayi la'akari da daya kuma kana mamakin shin yana da aminci, tasiri, kuma ya zama dole. Ko ta yaya, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci menene harbin mura da kuma azabar tsallake allurar rigakafin cutar. Mun kira masana don amsa tambayoyin guda takwas na kamuwa da mura.

1. Menene mura mura?

Alurar rigakafin rigakafin rigakafin rigakafin rigakafi ce sau ɗaya a shekara wanda ke ba da kariya daga duk irin matsalolin da mura ke haskakawa a cikin shekara guda.

Mura [allurar rigakafi] ita ce mafi kyawun kariya daga kwayar cutar mura, in ji ta Ian Nelligan, MD , babban likita a asibitin Stanford da Clinic a Palo Alto, California. Baya ga tsabtace hannu da kiyayewa, hanya ce mafi kyawu don kare kanmu daga kamuwa da cuta.

Idan kaine yi kama kwayar, cututtukan mura sun hada da zazzabi, sanyi, ciwon jiki, tari, da ciwon makogwaro (don kaɗan kaɗan). Matsaloli masu tsanani na iya kasancewa daga mashako da ciwon huhu zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (kumburin kwakwalwa), sepsis (barazanar rai ga kamuwa da cuta), da gazawar ɓangarori da yawa.

Wadannan haɗarin sune dalilin da yasa yake da mahimmanci a sami allurar… ko kuma fesa hanci. Alurar riga kafi tana nan a siffofin biyu.

Harbi

Ana yin amfani da allurar mura ta hanyar allura a cikin tsokar tsokar kafaɗa. Duk da rashin fahimta iri-iri, harbin ba ya dauke da kwayar cutar mura mai rai, in ji ta Shital Patel, MD , masanin cututtukan cututtuka kuma mai bincike a kwalejin nazarin maganin rigakafi na Baylor College of Medicine a Houston, Texas. Madadin haka, ya ƙunshi sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke saurin ba da amsa a cikin jiki.

Saboda nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na mura suna canzawa kaɗan a kowace shekara, kwayar cutar mura tana canzawa kowace shekara kuma, in ji Dr. Patel. Ta ce da Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya (WHO), da Gudanar da Abinci da Magunguna (FDA), da sauran ƙungiyoyin bincike da yawa suna nazarin kullun akan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta don tabbatar da cewa sun haɓaka wasa mafi kusa ga kowane lokacin mura.

Wasu rigakafin mura, in ji ta, ba su da kyau, ma'ana suna ba da kariya daga nau'ikan mura uku. Sauran suna quadrivalent, ma'ana suna ba da kariya daga nau'ikan mura huɗu. Ko kuna samun quadrivalent ko maganin rigakafi mai mahimmanci ya dogara da inda kuka zaɓi karɓar rigakafin mura, Dokta Patel ya ce. A takaice dai, wasu dakunan shan magani da wuraren sayar da magani suna daukar alluran marasa amfani; wasu suna ɗaukar quadrivalent.

Dokta Patel ya ƙarfafa mutane su nemi asibiti ko kantin magani wanda ke ba da allurar rigakafin cutar ta quadrivalent idan ta dace da yin hakan, tunda tana ba da mafi kyawun zaɓi don kare kanku.

Ga yawan 65 +, Dr. Patel ya bada shawarar a babban allurar rigakafin mura . Kodayake ba shi da kyau, babban maganin alurar riga kafi ya ƙunshi sau huɗu da sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke cikin daidaitaccen kwayar cutar mura, suna ba da babbar kariya ga tsofaffi (waɗanda, bisa ga shekaru kaɗai, suna fuskantar haɗarin haɗari mai tsanani daga mura). Burar mura na iya zama da mahimmanci musamman ga waɗanda ke zaune a gidajen kula da tsofaffi inda ƙwayoyin cuta za su iya yaɗuwa da sauri.

A yanzu haka babban allurar rigakafin ita ce kawai lasisi don amfani da tsofaffi masu shekaru 65 da haihuwa. Kowa ya kamata ya tsaya kan daidaitaccen rigakafin mura, Dr. Patel ya ce.

Wasu shahararrun shahararrun kamuwa da cutar mura sun haɗa da Flublok , Fluarix ,kuma RUFEWA .

Fesa hanci

ZUWA hanci na fesawa akwai kuma wadanda suka cancanci karba. Saboda kwayar cutar ta rayayye ne - amma wani rauni ne na cutar mura - mutane da wasu halaye na likita da kuma tsarin garkuwar jiki (kamar mata masu ciki, tsofaffi, mutanen da ke fama da cutar kansa, ko waɗanda ke tare da dashen sassan jiki) karbi maganin rigakafin mura na hanci.

In ba haka ba, lafiyayyun mutane tsakanin shekara 2 zuwa 49 sun cancanci allurar mura ta hanci muddin ƙwararrun masu kula da lafiya suka amince.

Ba kamar maganin mura ba, alurar riga-kafi ta hanci ta narkar ne ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba.

2. Shin ina bukatar harbin mura?

Dr. Nelligan, wanda ke duba marasa lafiya na kowane zamani a asibitin sa, ya ce yana da mahimmanci kowa da kowa sama da watanni 6 don yin rigakafi. Ba za a iya yin rigakafi da jarirai da ke ƙasa da watanni 6 ba saboda tsarin garkuwar jikinsu ya yi rauni da za su iya amsa allurar rigakafin.

Koda a cikin manya masu lafiya, mura na iya haifar da rashin lafiya mai ƙarfi, in ji shi. Don haka, ee, koda kuwa baku taɓa kamuwa da mura ba kuma kuna cikin ƙoshin lafiya, har yanzu kuna buƙatar sanya shi fifiko don samun rigakafin mura.

Rigakafin mura yana da mahimmanci ga mata masu ciki saboda mura na iya zama haɗari ga uwar kuma jaririn, ya yarda da Dr. Patel da Dr. Nelligan. Alurar mura, a daya hannun, tana da lafiya. A zahiri, harbi mura da aka karɓa a lokacin ciki yana ci gaba da kare jaririn bayan haihuwa.

Baya ga jarirai 'yan kasa da watanni 6, kadai mutanen da bai kamata su kamu da mura ba su ne wadanda suka kamu da cutar rashin lafia a baya, Dr. Patel ya ce. Koyaya, ta kuma nuna cewa irin waɗannan halayen ba su da yawa. Hadarin fuskantar matsaloli masu nasaba da mura ya fi girma. Misali, a cikin lokacin mura na 2019-2020, alal misali, mura ta haifar da rashin lafiya miliyan 56 da kuma kwantar da mutane 740,000. a cewar Cibiyoyin Kula da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC).

3. Yaushe zan fara harba mura?

Mura ba ta dagowa har zuwa tsakiyar hunturu, amma, domin cinma cikakkiyar fa’ida ta harbi, ya kamata ka samu rigakafin ka sosai kafin kwayar cutar ta yadu, in ji Dokta Patel. Lokaci ya dogara da wurin da kake zaune kuma yana iya bambanta shekara-shekara, amma yarjejeniya ba ta jima ba.

Gabaɗaya, lokacin mura yana farawa a cikin kaka kuma yana zuwa farkon-tsakiyar-bazara (duba Shafin sabunta ayyukan CDC na mura don bayani game da cutar mura a yankinku). Childrenananan yara masu shekaru 6 zuwa 8 da haihuwa waɗanda ke karɓar maganin mura a karo na farko ya kamata a yi allurai biyu, wata ɗaya dabam, in ji Dokta Patel.

Yawancin kantunan sayar da magani sun fara ba da maganin mura a farkon watan Agusta. Asibitocin likita suna karɓar ajiyar su jim kaɗan, yawanci zuwa ƙarshen Satumba. Dokta Nelligan ya ƙarfafa marasa lafiya don su sami rigakafin mura da zaran an samu. Zai fi dacewa, yakamata ku sami rigakafin a ƙarshen Oktoba don haka an rufe ku kafin cutar ta fara yaduwa sosai a yankinku, in ji shi.

Amma, idan ba ku sanya ƙarshen watan Oktoba ba, kar hakan ya hana ka samun komai . Idan wani bai sami allurar rigakafin cutar su ba a ƙarshen Oktoba, har yanzu yana da fa'ida don yin allurar rigakafin a duk lokacin mura, in ji Dr. Patel.

Wani dalili kuma na kamuwa da cutar ta ASAP? Don kiyaye kanka a cikin yiwuwar aukuwar karancin allurar rigakafin. Batutuwan masana'antu da jigilar kaya sun haifar da karancin allurar rigakafi a 2004 , yana jagorantar CDC da sauran kungiyoyi don ba da fifiko kan allurar rigakafin cutar mura ga ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari fiye da yawan jama'a. Kuma yayin da ba a tsammanin irin wannan matsalar a wannan lokacin mura, koyaushe yana da kyau a shirya.

Dalilin da yasa zaka jinkirta yin harbi shine idan kana da zazzabi. Harbin na iya rikita tsarin garkuwar ku, wanda ke haifar da amsar maganin rigakafin. Amma da zaran zazzabin ya tafi, ya kamata ku kasance cikin shirin nade hannayen riga da harbawa. Ba tare da la'akari da lokacin da kuka sami rigakafin cutar mura ba, ku sani cewa yana ɗaukar makonni biyu cikakke don fa'idodin kariya don shiga gaba ɗaya, duka Dr. Patel da Nelligan sun yarda.

4. Ina zan je don maganin mura?

Ana samun rigakafin mura a wurare da yawa. Yawancin mutane suna yin rigakafi a ofishin likitansu ko kantin magani. Wasu ma'aikata suna ba da asibitocin harba mura a ofis, kamar yadda wasu hukumomin gwamnati da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na harabar ke yi. Akwai ma wani Mai Neman Allurar taswirar da za ta nuna maka zuwa wuraren bayar da allurar rigakafin mura (da sauran rigakafin) a yankinku.

Duk da yake ba matsala da gaske inda kuka je, yana da kyau ku ziyarci mai ba ku kiwon lafiya na farko. Wannan shi ne mutumin da ya san yanayin lafiyar ku da tarihin ku mafi kyau, kuma idan mai haƙuri yana da wasu tambayoyi ko damuwa, wannan shine tabbas mutumin da zai iya amsa waɗannan tambayoyin mafi kyau, in ji Dokta Nelligan. Amma idan ya zama batun saukakawa ko kuma a'a ko ba zaku samu ba kwata-kwata, ina tsammanin samun sa a mafi kyawun wuri yana da kyau.

Dangantaka: Abin da ya kamata ku sani game da yin rigakafin a kantin magani

5. Nawa ne mura mura?

Game da farashi, inshora (gami da Medicare , Medicaid, kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu, da tsare-tsaren kasuwar lafiya) yakamata su rufe kamuwa da cutar mura. Koyaya, wataƙila kuna karɓar rigakafin cutar mura a wani wuri na musamman — don haka tabbatar da dubawa kafin shiga.

Bugu da ƙari, kungiyoyi da yawa suna ba da free mura-harbi dakunan shan magani a duk tsawon lokacin ga waɗanda basu da inshora ko samun dama. Idan kun tashi sama kuna buƙatar biya daga aljihun ku don maganin mura, ku sani cewa farashin ya bambanta dangane da inda kuka samo shi.

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Idan bakada tabbas kan wanne irin mura da kake buƙata, zaka iya ɗaukar namu katin rangwame zuwa yawancin manyan kantunan magani kuma likitan ka zai samo maka mafi kyawun ajiyar ka.

6. Shin mura harbi ne lafiya?

Alurar rigakafin cutar ta zama lafiya ga kusan kowa.

Alurar rigakafin mura sun kasance shekaru da yawa kuma ana ci gaba da kula da aminci a kowane lokaci, Dr. Patel ya ce. Muna da miliyoyin bayanan bayanai [masu cewa] yana da lafiya. Ta kara da cewa a cikin shekarar 2018-2019 an yi amfani da allurai miliyan 169 na rigakafin cutar ba tare da wata alama ta wani babban sakamako ko matsala ba.

Bugu da ƙari, kwata-kwata ba za ku iya samun mura daga mura din ba , in ji ta. Wasu mutane na iya fuskantar alamomin alamomin mura-matsakaiciya zuwa matsakaiciya, kamar rauni mai zafi da zafi a wurin allurar, gajiya, ciwon kai, ciwon tsoka, da / ko ƙananan zazzabi-amma wannan shine ba mura da illar da ake fuskanta da wuya su hana ku ci gaba da ayyukanku na yau da kullun. Jikinku kawai yana hawa don ba da amsa ga rigakafin, in ji ta. Ana inganta tsarin garkuwar ku don kare kanta, in ji ta.

Wani damuwa na yau da kullun game da harbi mura? Qashin jiki. Yawancin allurar rigakafin cutar ta al'ada ce a cikin furotin na ƙwai, wanda ke nufin akwai damar gano adadin furotin na ƙwai a cikin allurar kanta. Abin farin ciki, maganin mura yana da aminci ga mutanen da ke rashin lafiyar ƙwai, Dr. Patel ya ce.

Abin da muka gano shi ne (mafi yawan) mutanen da ke fama da cutar ƙwai za su iya karɓar kowane ɗayan lasisi, allurar rigakafin mura mai dacewa da ake samu a yanzu, in ji ta.

Banda zai kasance mutane ne masu tsananin rashin lafiyar ƙwai, misali, nau'in rashin lafiyan da ke haifar da anaphylaxis. Don wannan rukunin, tana ba da shawarar neman da rigakafin mura recombinant , wanda ba a samar dashi da ƙwai kaza.

Sauran cututtukan da suka shafi kamuwa da cutar mura ba su da yawa, in ji ta. Duk wanda ke da damuwa, duk da haka, ya kamata a karɓi allurar rigakafin mura a cikin yanayin likita.

7. Yaya tasirin harba mura yake?

Don haka duk abin da aka faɗa, zai sami maganin mura garanti cewa ba za ku kamu da mura ba? A'a, ingancin allurar ba ma'asumi bane. Amma idan kun yi rashin lafiya, damar samun rashin lafiya mai tsanani ko rikitarwa masu alaƙa da mura ya ragu sosai, Dr. Patel yayi bayani. A cewar CDC , Alurar rigakafin mura na rage kasadar kamuwa da cutar mura ta 40% zuwa 60% .

Wani lokaci mutane suna tunanin allurar rigakafin za ta kare mutane 100%, amma… yadda maganin rigakafin mura yake aiki ya dogara da dalilai daban-daban, kuma wannan yana canzawa daga shekara zuwa shekara, in ji ta. Amma idan muka kalli mutanen da suka kasance a asibiti, waɗanda suka sami matsala daga mura sune waɗanda ba a yi musu rigakafi ba.

Idan ya zo ga mura, lambobin suna magana ne don kansu. Duk tsawon lokacin mura na shekara ta 2017-2018, wanda ake ganin lokacin tsananin tsanani ne, kusan 80,000 manya da yara 81 (wadanda ba a yiwa rigakafin cutar ba) sun mutu daga rikice-rikicen mura. Kusa da kusan 900,000 an kwantar da su, a cewar gidauniyar ta kasa mai yaki da cutar , kuma kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, mura yana da alhakin miliyoyin cututtuka kowace shekara a Amurka.

Waɗannan lambobi ne masu girma, kuma idan za mu iya hana [mura], to yana rage ranakun aiki, ranakun rashin lafiya, rikice-rikice, kuma yana rage nauyi a kan mutum da iyali, in ji Dokta Patel. Cuta ce da za a iya kiyayewa, kuma muna da [hanyoyin] don hana rikice-rikice masu tsanani a cikin yara da waɗanda tsofaffi suke da wahalar gaske tare da shi.

Dangantaka: Shin harbin mura yana hana COVID-19?

8. Har yaushe cutar mura ta wuce?

Kariyar rigakafin da ake samu daga mura ya ragu a kan lokaci, wanda wani bangare ne na dalilin da yasa kake bukatar harba mura a kowace shekara. (Wani sashi kuma shine cewa matsalolin da ke aiki suna canzawa kowace shekara.) Duk da cewa babu cikakken lokacin da kwayar cutar ta dore, masana sun ce tana kiyaye ka har na tsawon watanni shida.