ADHD ƙididdiga 2021

Labarai

Menene ADHD? | Yaya yawan ADHD yake? | ADididdigar yara ADHD | Matasan ADHD | Adult ADHD ƙididdiga | ADHD a cikin aji | ADHD magani | Bincike

Yaro mai nutsuwa, mai sauƙin hankali ya fi kowa yawa, musamman a cikin shekarun shekarun makaranta. Koyaya, lokacin da waɗannan ayyukan suka tsoma baki a cikin aikin makarantar sa kuma hakan ke haifar da horo na horo akai-akai, iyaye na iya yin mamakin shin akwai wasu halaye da yawa fiye da yara kawai yara. Rashin hankali na rashin kulawa da hankali (ADHD) ɗayan ɗayan rikice-rikice ne da ke faruwa tsakanin yara a Amurka, kamar yadda ƙididdigar ADHD ke tallafawa a cikin jagoranmu na ƙasa. Abin farin ciki, akwai magunguna da yawa da nau'ikan maganin halayya don taimakawa yara da manya tare da ADHD.

Dangantaka: Shin ana yiwa yaranku rashin lafiya tare da ADHD?

Menene ADHD?

Rashin hankali game da cututtukan cututtuka (ADHD) cuta ce ta gama gari wacce aka yiwa alama ta yanayin ci gaba na rashin kulawa da / ko haɓakawa-impulsivity abin da ke hana aiki ko ci gaba. Halaye, ko alamomi, na ADHD sun haɗa da rashin kulawa na yau da kullun, haɓakawa, da impulsivity. Mutane da yawa suna bincikar su tare da ADHD tun suna yara, saboda alamun sun zama sanannun ci gaban farko da aikin ilimi. ADHD alamun cutar na iya ci gaba har zuwa girma kuma suna tasiri alaƙar zamantakewar mutum da kuma ilimi da aikin yi.

ADHD cuta ce ta jijiyoyin jiki, kodayake har yanzu ba a tantance ainihin abin da ke haifar da shi ba, in ji shi Gabriel Villarreal , LPC, mai ba da shawara a ADHD Counselling a cikin Roanoke Valley a cikin Virginia. Abin da muka sani shi ne cewa yana faruwa ne yayin da haɓakar haɓakar gaba ke bayan sauran kwakwalwa.

Farkon abin da za mu iya tantance wannan banbancin yana da shekaru 3, in ji Villarreal. Koyaya, [mutanen da ke tare da ADHD] suma suna da rashi ko kuma ba sa saurin samar da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kwakwalwa, musamman dopamine da norepinephrine. Na farko yana da alhakin kulawa, motsa jiki, da motsawa. Na karshen, shine ke da alhakin samar da nutsuwa, abin da ke ɗauke da alhakin [hyperactivity].

Yaya yawan ADHD yake?

• Binciken duniya ya nuna cewa yaduwar ADHD ya fi girma a cikin ƙasashe masu karɓar kuɗaɗe. ( ADHD Rashin Kulawa da Rashin Lafiya, 2017)
• Adadin ADHD na Amurka a tsakanin yara yana tashi tare da ƙididdigar kwanan nan akan 11%. (Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Hauka, 2017)
• Kimanin yaran Amurkawa miliyan 6.1 da shekarunsu suka wuce 2-17 sun taɓa karɓar ganewar asali na ADHD, wanda ke wakiltar 9.4% na wannan ƙididdigar yawan shekarun a duk ƙasar har zuwa shekarar 2016. (Jaridar Clinical Child da Matasa Psychology , 2018)
• Samari sun fi 'yan mata ninki biyu na taɓa kamuwa da cutar ta ADHD. ( Jaridar Clinical Child da Matasa Psychology , 2018)
• Adadin girma na ADHD na duniya yakai kimanin 2.5%. (Kwalejin Masana Ilimin chiwararrun ,wararru, 2009)
• Adadin ADHD na Amurka a cikin manya tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 44 yana da shekaru 8.1%, tare da yaduwar yanzu da aka kiyasta ya zama 4.4%. (Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Hauka, 2017)

ADHD ƙididdiga a cikin yara

• Adadin yaran da aka taɓa ganowa tare da ADHD yana ƙaruwa da shekaru. Binciken ya nuna 2.4% (388,000) na yara masu shekaru 2 zuwa 5, kuma 9.6% (2.4 miliyan) na yara masu shekaru 6 zuwa 11 sun kamu da cutar ta ADHD.
• Matsakaicin shekarun ganewar asali don tsananin ADHD yana da shekaru 4.
• Matsakaicin shekarun ganewar asali don ADHD matsakaici shekaru 6 ne.
• Matsakaicin shekarun ganewar asali don ADHD mai sauƙi shekaru 7 ne.

( Jaridar Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Yara da Yara ta Amurka, 2014 & 2018)

ADHD ƙididdiga a cikin matasa

Wadannan alkaluman suna wakiltar kashi kimanin matasa tare da ADHD a kowace rukuni:

• Shekaru 13 zuwa 14: 8.8%
• Shekaru 15 zuwa 16: 8.6%
• Shekaru 17 zuwa 18: 9%
• Daga cikin dukkan shari'o'in ADHD, kashi 4.2% sun nuna rauni sosai. Abubuwan rashin daidaito sun dogara ne akan bugu na huɗu na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).

( Jaridar Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Yara da Yara ta Amurka, 2010)

ADHD ƙididdiga a cikin manya

Rikicin ADHD tsakanin manya ya kasance 4.4% a cikin Amurka har zuwa na 2001-2003, a cewar Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard. Duk da haka, ƙimar na ADHD a cikin manya mai yiwuwa ba a yi rahotonsa ba kamar yadda kashi 85% na yara masu fama da ADHD za su iya samun matsalar yayin da suka girma. Abubuwan bincike na ADHD an kirkiresu ne da farko don yara, sabili da haka, ganewar ADHD tsakanin manya yana ƙaruwa sau huɗu fiye da bincikar ADHD tsakanin yara a Amurka ( JAMA Lafiya, 2019) . Wadannan alkaluman suna wakiltar sanannen adadin da aka sani na manya tare da ADHD a kowane rukuni:

• Shekaru 18 zuwa 24: 4.5%
• Shekaru 25 zuwa 34: 3.8%
• Shekaru 35 zuwa 44: 4.6%

(Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, 2007)

Bincike ya nuna cewa yawancin samarin da ke dauke da ADHD suma zasu sami ADHD yayin da suka girma, in ji su Nekeshia Hammond , Psy.D, masanin halayyar dan adam a Hammond Psychology da Associates a Florida. Criticalaya daga cikin mahimman abu ga matasa suyi shine koyon sarrafa alamun ADHD, wanda zai iya tasiri tasirin sakamakon manya. Ba zato ba tsammani, wasu manya sun bayyana fuskantar raunin rashin aiki yayin aiki saboda sun koyi abubuwan da ke haifar da hanyoyin magance alamun ADHD.

Wasu manya da suka kamu da cutar ta ADHD a baya sun koyi jimre da alamun su da kyau kuma basu cika ƙa'idodin ADHD ba a rayuwarsu. Ba lallai ba ne su cika 'cikakkun ma'auni' na ADHD (har yanzu suna iya samun wasu alamun alamun kulawa, amma bai isa ya karɓi ganewar asali ba), in ji Dokta Hammond. Yawancin bincike suna nuna cewa ADHD ba da gaske take ba tafi , ’Amma fiye da haka manya sun bada rahoton rashin bayyanar cututtuka. Misali, bayyanar cututtuka na raguwa yawanci tare da shekaru. Kashi 11% na manya da ke dauke da ADHD ne ke karɓar magani.

Bugu da kari, wasu manya na iya zuwa ba tare da an gano su ba saboda haka ba a kula da su saboda yanayin yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda ke rufe alamun ADHD. Wadannan sun hada da:

• Rashin damuwa: 47%
• Yanayin yanayi: 38%
• Controlara ƙarfin ƙarfafa: 20%
• Cutar cin zarafin abu: 15%

(Abokin Kulawa na Farko ga Jaridar Clinical Psychiatry, 2009)

ADHD a cikin aji

Wani lokaci yara na iya katse amsoshi ko 'ba da amsa' sau da yawa, wanda kuma ke tasiri kan hulɗar zamantakewar, Dr. Hammond ya bayyana. A wasu lokuta, wasu matasa na iya samun matsala game da kamun kai, wanda hakan ke haifar da maganganu na maganganu ko na zahiri tare da wasu ɗalibai.

Ta ce kwarewar ilimin kowane yaro ya bambanta. Wasu yara suna gwagwarmaya ta ilimi saboda matsaloli masu mahimmanci tare da hankali da / ko tsinkaye, yayin da sauran ɗaliban da suka koyi jimre wa alamun ADHD na iya fuskantar ƙarancin rikicewar ilimi, in ji ta.

Makarantu na iya daukar yara tare da ADHD tare da gyare-gyare a cikin aji, in ji suDr. Hammond. Wasu misalan gyare-gyare sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: ɗaukar ƙarin hutu, tsara wuraren zama (misali zama kusa da malamin), tsawaita lokacin jarabawa, tambayoyi, da aiyuka, gami da yin gwaji a wani wuri daban don rage abubuwan da zasu raba hankali .

Binciken na shekara ta 2014 na gano cutar da kuma kula da cutar ta ADHD da kuma cututtukan Tourette sun gano cewa mafi yawan daliban da ke dauke da cutar ta ADHD (69.3%) sun karbi daya ko fiye da ayyukan makaranta. Shirye-shiryen ilimin keɓaɓɓu (IEP) da kuma sashe na 504 shirye-shirye ayyuka ne na makaranta guda biyu don ɗalibai masu buƙatun ilimi na musamman ko buƙatu ( Jaridar Rashin hankali , 2018).

Dangane da Cibiyoyin Kula da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC), IEPs da shirye-shiryen 504 suna ba da:

• Timearin lokaci akan gwaji
• Abubuwan da aka tsara don yaron
• Cementarfafawa mai kyau
• Ayyuka na taimakon fasaha
• Breaksarin hutu
• Canje-canje a cikin aji don takaita shagala
• Helparin taimako tare da tsari

Wani binciken ya yi amfani da bayanai daga wannan binciken kuma ya gano cewa yara 4 zuwa shekaru 17 da ke tare da ADHD sun sami ɗaya ko fiye na waɗannan halayen halayyar masu zuwa:

• 31% sun sami maganin halayyar iyaye
• 39% sun sami horo na ƙwarewar zamantakewa (kamar tallafi kan yadda ake hulɗa da wasu)
• 30% sun sami tsoma bakin tsaransu (kamar su koyawa matasa)
• 20% sun karɓi halayyar halayyar haɓaka

( Jaridar Ilimin Yara, 2018)

ADHD ƙididdigar magani

Mafi inganci ADHD magani hade ne da magani da halayyar ɗabi'a. Magunguna masu motsawa, kamar Adderall da Ritalin, yawanci ana ba da umarnin farko. Idan abubuwan kara kuzari ba su aiki, mai ba da lafiya na iya gwada shan magani ba na motsa jiki kamar Strattera. Waɗannan magunguna suna shafar dopamine da / ko norepinephrine don taimaka wa marasa lafiya su mai da hankali da jin ƙarancin motsin rai.

Therapywarewar halayyar haɓaka (CBT) sanannen nau'i ne na kula da ɗabi'a ga mutane, musamman yara, tare da ADHD. Kwararren likitan kwantar da hankali na iya koya wa yara yadda za su faɗi tunaninsu da abubuwan da suke ji ba tare da zama masu rikici ga wasu ba. Iyaye da malamai suma zasu iya samun fahimta ta hanyar CBT don koyon yadda ake sakawa halaye masu kyau.

Ya zuwa na 2016, kashi 77% na yara masu ADHD masu shekaru 2 zuwa 17 suna karɓar wani nau'in magani, tare da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku (32%) suna karɓar duka magunguna da kuma halayyar ɗabi'a.

• 62% suna shan maganin ADHD, yawancinsu suna da shekaru 6 zuwa 11.
• 30% suna shan magani su kadai.
• 47% suna karɓar maganin halayya, yawancinsu suna da shekaru 2 zuwa 5.
• 15% suna karɓar magani kawai.

( Jaridar Clinical Child da Matasa Psychology , 2018)

ADHD bincike

• Nazarin binciken kwatanci na ƙasa (NCS-R) ,Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard
• Hanyoyi a cikin rahoton iyaye na mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya-bincikar lafiya da rashin kulawa / raunin hankali: /asar Amurka, 2003-2011. , Jaridar Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Yara da Yara ta Amurka
• Yawan rikice-rikicen hankali a cikin samari na Amurka , Jaridar Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Yara da Yara ta Amurka
• Yaduwar yaduwar cutar ADHD da aka ba da rahoto game da iyaye da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin yara da samari na Amurka, Jaridar Clinical Child da Matasa Psychology
• Hanyoyin da ke faruwa a cikin yaduwar cutar da rashin kulawa da hankali tsakanin manya da yara na kabilu da kabilu daban-daban , JAMA Rashin Lafiya
• Bincike da istididdigar Littattafan Maganin Cutar Hauka, Bugu na Biyar, Psyungiyar Psywararrun Americanwararrun Amurka
• Yaduwa da daidaito na rashin kulawa da raunin hankali na rashin girma: meta-bincike , Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Hauka
• Cutar cututtukan kwatanci na DSM-IV ADHD mai girma a cikin Healthungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta Lafiya ta Duniya , ADHD Rashin Kulawar Rashin Tsarin Hankali
• Kimanta manya tare da ADHD da cututtukan cuta ,Abokin Kulawa na Farko ga Jaridar Clinical Psychiatry
• Bayanin ƙasa game da magani tsakanin yara da samari na Amurka tare da ADHD , Jaridar ilimin yara
• Masu tsinkayen karɓar ayyukan makaranta a cikin samari na ƙasa tare da ADHD , Jaridar Rashin hankali
• ADHD a cikin aji , Cibiyoyin Kula da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC)